Completing Sentence
Completing Sentence কি?
Word, Phrase অথবা Clause ব্যবহার করে সম্পূর্ণ মনের ভাব প্রকাশ করাই হল Completing Sentence.
কি কি ব্যবহার করতে হয় ?
-clause,-phrase,
-infinitive,
-linking word.
অবশ্যই tense এর সাথে অর্থের সঙ্গতি ঠিক রাখতে হবে !
Trash collector is a poor boy who lives in a slum.(Clause)He collects waste things for purchasing a living hood.(phrase)
He doesn't know who are his relatives.(clause)
He can't go to school because of poverty.(phrase)
He has none to take care. (infinitive)
Completing Sentence এর ক্ষেত্রে ভিন্ন conjunction এর ক্ষেত্রে ভিন্ন ভিন্ন clause বসতে পারে।
As he earn much, he leads a happy life.Though He earns much, he leads an unhappy life.If he earn much, he may lead a happy life.He earns much so that he can lead a happy life.He earns much lest he should lead an unhappy life.
1. Principal Clause দেওয়া থাকলে অর্থপূর্ণ বাক্য গঠনের জন্য উপযুক্ত conjunction বসিয়ে Subordinate clause বসাতে হয়।
He passed the exam ....................................Principal Clause
He passed the exam though he was lazy
He passed the exam as he worked hard
He passed the exam Because he was a meritorious student.
2. Principal Clause এর সাথে Subordinate Conjunction দেওয়া থাকলে, Conjunctionএর উপযুক্ত clause ব্যবহার করতে হবে।
He walked fast so that he could lead a happy lifeHe walked fast lest he should loss his jobHe walked fast as ling as he was retired.
3. Subordinate Clause দেওয়া থাকলে অর্থপূর্ণ বাক্য গঠনের জন্যে উপযুক্ত Principal Clause বসাতে হবে।
As he is honest, he leads a happy life.As he is honest, everybody believes him.As he is honest, he always speak the truth.As he is honest, he may success in life.
4. আবার যদি Co ordinate Conjunction দেওয়া থাকে, তাহলে Same tense এর Co-ordinate clause হবে।
He tried his best but failed.He tried his best but would not do it.He tried his best but should muss the bus.
5. Principal clause এর সাথে preposition বা prepositional phrase থাকলে সে ক্ষেত্রে prepositional phrase ব্যবহার করে sentence complete করতে হবে।
he went out in the rain without taking an umbrella.I'm looking forward to meeting you.He went to river with a view to swimming .
6. Conjunction কে adverb ধরে Subordinate clause এর বদলে phrase ব্যবহার করা যায়!
Return me my book as soon as possibleReturn me my book as soon as you finish reading.Return me my book as soon as you have read it.He left the place in the evening.He left the place when i went there.I know the man standing in the yard.I know the man who is standing in the yard.
- We should finish this exercise before 4.00.
- I need to buy a present before James comes.
- Before starting any business, it's a good idea to write a business plan.
- Where did you live before coming to America?
After(পরে)
- I'll see you after work.
- Camilla won't be home until after midnight.
- David got promoted after just two years with the company.
As - Time(তখন)
- I dropped my keys as I left my apartment.
- His health improved as he exercised more.
- As time went by his English got better.
- I woke up as the sun was rising.
- She arrived as you were leaving.
As - Reason(সেজন্যে)
- I'm going to bed early as I have to get up early tomorrow.- As we're not busy, let's meet this afternoon for lunch.
So___that (এতই__যে)
Principal Clause Present Tense বা future tense হলে so __ that এর পর can/may/will+not+V1 বসবে।they are so poor that, they can/may/will not buy their food.Principal Clause past Tense হলে so __ that এর পর could/would/might+not+V1 বসবে।They were so poor that, they could/might/would not buy their food.
The milk was so __________________________.
He is so weak that _________________________.
The sea was so rough that ___________________.
The tiger is so dangerous ____________________.
The boy will be so polite that ________________ .
__________________ they may n't have more crops.
that i mayn't pass in the exam, __________________ .
He is so weak that _________________________.
The sea was so rough that ___________________.
The tiger is so dangerous ____________________.
The boy will be so polite that ________________ .
__________________ they may n't have more crops.
that i mayn't pass in the exam, __________________ .
Such....... that: (এমন.......... যে)
He is such an honest man that everybody likes him.they were such bad people that we avoid them.
she is such pious girl that she can't/ doesn't tell a lie.
she was in such hurry that she forgot her umbrella.
she earned such a small amount that he could not support his family.
So ___ as(না-বোধক বাক্য)(যেমন ___ তেমন না)
As ___ as(হ্যাঁ বোধক বাক্য)(যেমন ___ তেমন)
Such ___ as/that (এতই___যেমন)
The lady was not so attractive as the writer thought. The lady was as attractive as the writer thought.
The lady was such attractive as/that the writer thought.
The man is as sly as the fox.
the girl is such gentle as the villager loves her.
He is not so young as i.
He is as young as i.
He is such young as i.
That/so that (যেন)
Principal Clause Present Tense বা future tense হলে so __ that এর পর can/may/will+V1 বসবে।The baby is crying loudly so that it can/may/will draw his mother's attention.Principal Clause Past tense হলে so __ that এর পর could/would/might+V1 বসবে।The baby was crying loudly so that it could/might/would draw his mother's attention.
The farmer worked hard so that __________________________.
They are protecting regularly so that __________________________.
__________________________ so that we will overcome.
__________________________ you would pass the exam.
that he can get the train, __________________________.
__________________________ he will get the job.
i will write an application __________________________.
call the police so that __________________________
.
.
In order that/ so that (যাতে/ যেন)
She left early so that the children would not be alone in the house.She leaves early in order that the children will not be alone in the house.
He will read well in order that __________________________.
My father sent me money so that __________________________.
i have bought some books __________________________.
my mother make me a cake __________________________.
__________________________ in order that he could pass in the exam .
__________________________ you will get the bus .
we ate in order that _________________ .
Conditionals:
Conditionals বা শর্ত যুক্ত বাক্য দুই প্রকারঃ
1# Open condition 2# Close condition
1# Open condition:
#Possible Condition
যেসব কাজ করা সম্ভব, সেসব কাজই Open Condition এর অংশে আসে।If+ Present/ Future + can/may/will+ Present Tense.If you love the people, they will love you.You may do well in the exam if you listen to your teachers.
If you will play in the rain, __________________________.
If you wan to go to market, __________________________.
If you write me, __________________ .
if you invite me, _________________ .
you will not be punished if _______________ .
_______________, you have passed in the exam.
If you study more, _________________ .
If her uncle arrives, _________________ .
if you do not eat balance diet, _________________ .
Unless (যদি না)
unless+ present tense+ future tense/Present tense.You'll be unhappy unless you break up with her.I will miss the bus unless you hurry.You can't go out to play this evening unless you do your homework.Unless you refund my money, i shall take legal action.We might as well stop unless you've got something else you want to talk about.Nothing will come of it, unless disaster.
There is no chance of getting the job unless _________________.
They're going to have panic unless _________________.
They won’t come unless _________________._________________ unless somebody else wants to.
_________________ unless you’re prepared to pay a lot of money for it.
Unless you pay now, we can’t guarantee you a ticket.
_________________ unless you break up with her.
2# Close condition:
A# Probable Condition:
If+ Past + could/might/would+ Present Tense.
If you took more exercise, _________________ .
If i were you, _________________ .
you could achieve higher education _________________ .
She would cook for me _________________ .
He could save the money _________________ .
_________________ , i would call you.
I would punished him, _________________ .
_________________ if i were a king,
If i found him, _________________ .
_________________ ,i found him absent
if i were a rich, _________________ .
#Unless(যদি না)
Unless+Past tense+s+would/could/might + dare infinitive +....We couldn't understand disease unless we understood the person who had the disease.She wouldn't go with him unless I came too.
The mail'd go by air unless _________________ .
_________________ unless the train was late.
_________________ it unless he heard otherwise.
I wouldn't ask her out unless _________________ .
SO/AS LONG AS, PROVIDING/PROVIDED (THAT)
So/As long as and providing/provided (that) can be used instead of if to express a condition. Note that providing/provided (that) is a bit formal:
You can stay here as long as you keep quiet.Provided/Providing (that) the bills are paid, tenants will not be evicted.
B# Impossible Condition:
If+ Past perfect + S+ could have/might have/would have+ past perfect Tense.If i had learnt English, i would have spoken it.
If i have seen him, _________________ .
_________________, if you have invited me,
Had i seen him , _________________ .
Had i known his phone number, _________________ .
If you hadn't gone there, _________________ .
If i had got a student visa, _________________ .
If you hadn't agreed, _________________ .
If you had succeed, _________________ .
#Unless(যদি না)
Unless+Past perfect + S+ could have/might have/would have+ past perfect Tense.I wouldn't have come unless you'd phoned meunless I'd mistaken, ______________unless otherwise had statedYou couldn't gone on vacation unless you'd saved some money.
______________, you couldn't have gone on vacation.
You ______ feel cold unless you 'd worn a coat.
I ______________ unless there'd been traffic.
I'd have arrived at 10 am unless ______________.
______________ I'd not have arrived at 10 am.
I'd have annoyed unless ______________.
You ______ feel cold unless you 'd worn a coat.
I ______________ unless there'd been traffic.
I'd have arrived at 10 am unless ______________.
______________ I'd not have arrived at 10 am.
I'd have annoyed unless ______________.
You wouldn't come unless _________________ .
The directors'd have meet every Friday, unless _______ , unless _____ , unless________.
The directors'd have meet every Friday, unless _______ , unless _____ , unless________.
Provided/provided that/providing that (যদিও) on the condition that, only if
Provide you have the money in your account, you may withdraw any amount now.We shall start our journey to the cox's Bazar provided that the weather is good.They will win the match providing that they practice well.
you will fail in the exam, _________________ .
he will shine in life provided that_________________ .
Lest: (আশঙ্কা)
Negative অর্থ প্রকাশ করে বলে Lest যুক্ত Clause এ No বা Not বসে না। Lest এর আগের Clause এ personal Object থাকলে সেটাকে Lest clause এর subject হিসেবে ব্যবহার করতে হবে।Principal Clause+ lest+S.+should/Might+ obj.I was kind to her lest she should go away.They horrible lest they should/might miss the bus.they were afraid lest they might drown.the thief ran away lest he should be caught.
read diligently lest _________________ .
we walk fast lest _________________ .
walk fast _________________ .
they ran horribly lest _________________ .
_________________ we should fail in the exam.
he walks slowly lest _________________ .
students wals fast lest _________________ .
Read attentively lest _________________ .
keep silence lest _________________ .
do accordingly lest _________________ .
read heart and soul lest _________________ .
দুইটা clause এ same tense হয়
The time ____ When (যখন)
When এর দুইটা clause এ same tense হয়।Sunday is the day, when the week begins.December was the month when the year ends.1971 was the year when Bangladesh became independent.
10 am is the time when _________________ .
_________________ when we go to bed.
Saturday is the day when _________________ .
He went to bed when _________________ .
_________________ I got it from a man.
He left the home ________________ .
The place ____ Where (যেখানে)
Where এর দুইটা clause এ same tense হয়।The school is the place where we study.A mosque is a place where we study.A bus stop is a place where buses stop.
Danger comes where _________________ .
This is the place _________________ .
Her uncle arrives _________________ .
We visited the place where _________________ .
I know the place _________________ .
Relative pronoun: (who, whom, whose, that,
or which)
relative pronoun এর পর তাঁর antecedent (যার পরিবর্তে relative Pronoun বসে) অনুযায়ী same tense এর verb বসিয়ে sentence completeকরতে হয়! প্রতি clause এ same tense হবে।I bought the book that i like most.The man who came here yesterday was my uncle.He is the wisest man that we have among us.whose mother is a doctor is this girl.what he says is very interesting.this is the man whom i helped yesterday.
Sadnan is one of the students who _________________ .
it is i who _________________ .
it is i who _________________ .
_________________ is not true.
Do you believe _________________ .?
I'm sure that _________________ .
A man who ______ catches the straw.
His silence proves that_________________ .
It is he who _________________ .
I saw the man who _________________ .
I got is from a man who ________________ .
We don’t know the person who donated this money.This is the man who helped us.(more formal)This is the man that helped us. (less formal)This is the man what helped us.
She’s going out with a bloke who’s in the army. (who refers to a bloke and is the subject of is in the relative clause; bloke is an informal word for a man)
The woman who I saw yesterday was Sheila. (who refers to the woman and is the object of saw in the relative clause)
The woman who I saw yesterday was Sheila. (who refers to the woman and is the object of saw in the relative clause)
The musician who wrote this song is Canadian.The witnesses whom I interviewed gave conflicting evidence.The vacuum scared our cat Scooter, who was sleeping on the rug.
Whom:people in formal styles or in writing; often with a preposition; rarely in conversation; used instead of who if who is the object.
Object of the verb
The cousin whom we met at the family reunion is coming to visit.(The pronoun is object of the verb met.)
Object of a preposition.
The agent with whom I spoke was able to help me.
Whose:possessive meaning; for people and animals usually; sometimes for things in formal situations
John, whose brother was also a musician, plays over 100 concerts every year.
Kate, whose sister I used to share a house with, has gone to work in Australia. (whose sister refers to Kate and is the complement of with)
He was watching the movie whose title I couldn’t remember earlier.
He’s marrying a girl whose family don’t seem to like him.He was watching the movie, the title of which I couldn’t remember earlier.The car whose windshield is cracked is his.The car, the windshield of which is cracked, is his.
There was me and there was Kate, whose party it was, and then there were two other people.
It is a rambling Tudor house, whose sitting room looks out over a wonderful walled garden.
That: people, animals and things; informal (singular) Which: people, animals and things.
The bucket, which is blue, has apples in it.There are apples in the bucket, which is blue.I want the bucket that has apples in it.
Which can be used restrictively when it’s preceded by a preposition. For example, “The bucket in which the apples have been stored is blue.”
Which is almost always preceded by a comma, parenthesis, or a dash.
In British English, there is little distinction between that and which.
Lisa wore the shoes which she bought in Italy.Lisa wore the shoes that she bought in Italy.
The musician that won the award is Canadian.
The car that Jason bought runs on electricity and gas.
The dog that is chasing the squirrels belongs to Bridget.
The car that Jason bought runs on electricity and gas.
The dog that is chasing the squirrels belongs to Bridget.
Bridget visited the park with her dog, which likes to chase squirrels.
Jason bought the top hybrid car, which will help him save on gas.
Jason bought the top hybrid car, which will help him save on gas.
Which is more formal than that.
We can’t use that instead of who, whom or which in non-defining relative clauses:
It gives me a good chance to improve my Italian, which has become a little bit rusty.
It gives me a good chance to improve my Italian, that has become a little bit rusty.
We don’t use what as a relative pronoun:
So, he can make himself easily understood in the two languages, which helps a lot.
So, he can make himself easily understood in the two languages, what helps a lot.
We don’t use who for things:
She’s written some great cookery books which have got pictures of delicious-looking recipes.
She’s written some great cookery books who have got pictures of delicious-looking recipes.
Of which: We can use “of which” instead of “whose” for the objects but “of which” is used in non-defining relative clauses.
This is the machine. I described its properties.
This is the machine whose properties I described.
This is the machine, the properties of which I described.
I stayed at a good hotel. It’s facilities are fabulous.
I stayed at a good hotel whose facilities are fabulous.
I stayed at a good hotel the facilities of which are fabulous.
Of whom: We can use a non-defining relative clause with "of which" and "of whom" after quantifiers: All, both, each, many, most, neither, none, part, some...
Adam has two brothers. Both of them work as an engineer.Adam has two brothers, both of whom work as an engineer.Brad has very nice neighbors. I like all of them very much.Brad has very nice neighbors, all of whom I like very much.My mother invited many relatives to my birthday. Only a few of them showed up.My mother invited many relatives to my birthday, only a few of whom showed up.I talked to an old friend of mine last night. Some of her remarks offended me.I talked to an old friend of mine last night, some of whose remarks offended me.
After a number(one,two etc.; the first, the second etc.; half, a third etc.)
I want to be flatmate with my friend Daniel. One of his biggest interests is playing basketball.1 want to be flatmate with my friend Daniel, one of whose biggest interests is playing basketball.There are many books in our school library. I'm quite interested in two of them.There are many books in our school library, two of which I'm quite interested in.
After superlatives (the best, the biggest etc.)
Yesterday, my friend and I caught a lot of fish. The biggest of them was 20 pounds.Yesterday, my friend and I caught a lot of fish, the biggest of which was 20 pounds.I met with many beautiful girls at the party last night. The most beautiful of them was Nora.I met with many beautiful girls at the party last night, the most beautiful of whom was Nora.
How "in which way?"
He explained how the robbery was committed.The leader thief confused how his novice stole the book.How he died was a misery.I knew how he has done that.
Whenever 'যে কোন সময়।'
Whenever he comes here he meets me.whenever he went to school he used to make noise.i feel happy whenever i see him okay.
About which'যার সম্পর্কে'
To whom'যার কাছে'
In which'যেখানে '
This is a book about which i told you. The students to whom English is difficult can not do well in the competitive e exam.
Why: Why is replacing 'for which':
Preposition + Relative Pronoun (formal)
Do you know the reason for which he left?Do you know the reason why he left?The reason for which I turned down the job is that the pay was too lowThe reason why I turned down the job is that the pay was too lowThere are many reasons for which people choose not to get marriedThere are many reasons why people choose not to get marriedWhy as Relative Adverb (informal)
We can leave out 'the reason' if the sentence still makes sense without it:
Do you know why he left?
What: means ‘the things which.’
What she said made me cry.We can’t give you what you need.
Note that clauses beginning with what act as subjects or objects and are called nominal relative clauses.
What cannot be used as an ordinary relative pronoun after a noun or pronoun.
The only thing that keeps me going is my desire to winThe onlythingwhat keepsme going is my desire to win.We have shipped everything that you ordered.
We have shipped everything what you ordered.
To refer to a whole past before , we use which, not what.
Ann married her secretary, which made her mother angry.Ann married her secretary, whatmade her mother angry.
Other words that are often used as nominal relatives include whatever, whichever, where, wherever, whenever and how.
Take whatever you want. (= Take anything that you want.)You can come whenever you want. (= You can come any day that you want.)Look at how he treats his wife. (= Look at the way in which he treats his wife.)
The cyclist .................. trained hard.
The pants that .................... are already stained.
The four team leaders, whoever .................... , will be at tomorrow’s meeting.
Spaghetti, which we eat at least twice a week, .................... .
Where did you buy the dress that .................... last week?
The book, .................... , was torn and stained.
.................... , where we usually buy all of our art supplies, burned to the ground.
As/So long as (to refer to the intended duration of a plan or idea, most commonly referring to the future.) প্রতি clause এ same tense হবে।
I was here as long as he was
We are very happy for you to stay at our house as long as youwilllike.I’ll remember that film as long as I live.
They waited there as long as they could.As long as it does not rain, they can play .As long as you are honest, everybody will believe you.
________________, i found him absent.
Strike the iron, ________________ .
Someone has knocked the door, ________________ .
she didn't feel well as long as ________________ .
He saw the tiger ________________ .
please sit on the chair so long as ________________ .
I saw the bird ________________ .
________________ , i was at home.
________________ i am so busy.
As long as you are under 16, ________________ ._______________ so long as we kept quiet.
________________ as long as one hour should be seen by a doctor.
I ________________ So long as I can.
I ________________ So long as I can.
As long as ________________, would you mind picking me up a gallon of milk?
I suppose ________________ as long as I've got the apartment to myself.
As long as you get your homework finished , ________________ .
OK, ________________ so long as you don't spoil your appetite!
As long as you tidy your room first, ________________ . I’ll lend you my car so long as ________________ .
You ________________ as long as you want.
As long as you are going to the store, ________________.
So long as you don't expect it by tomorrow, ________________.
As long as you are going to the store, ________________.
So long as you don't expect it by tomorrow, ________________.
So long as ________________ , the company will make a profit.
As far as(যতদূর)we were there for the same length of a situation.
I will help you as far(much) as I can. (shows degree)We will travel as far as London. (shows distance)He was satisfied as far as his work was concerned.(= He was happy regarding his work)As far as I'm concerned, we should sell the house.She can leave, as far as I'm concerned.He came back at five, as far as I know.(= What I know is that he came back at nine, but maybe I don't have all the facts)As far as I can remember, we parked the car by the tree.
Till(যে পর্যন্ত)/Until(যে পর্যন্ত না)
Till/Until + present + future/present.He will not go to school until he is recovered from illness.(শর্ত)He will not go to school till he is recovered from illness.(আবদার)
________________ until the rain stops.
let's wait till ________________.
________________ until you come back.
I'll stay here till you ________________.
________________ until 6 o’clock and then I went home.I will wait until ________________ .
________________till I hear from you.
________________ till six.
________________ till six.
I usually work from ten until ________________
________________ until she comes.
We won’t be seeing each other until ________________.
________________ until she comes.
We won’t be seeing each other until ________________.
Because, Since, As, When,(কারণ, যখন)
Because my coffee was too cold, I heated it in the microwave.Since winter is coming, I think I'll knit a warm sweater.As she was bright and ambitious, she became a manager in no time.When prices goes up, customers buy less products.
Because _______________ , we were short on time.
When you go, _______________.
Evergreen trees are a symbol of fertility because _______________ .
_______________ because it's starting to make weird noises.
The actor ________ happy, when he got a part in a movie.
When you go, _______________.
Evergreen trees are a symbol of fertility because _______________ .
_______________ because it's starting to make weird noises.
The actor ________ happy, when he got a part in a movie.
The museum was very interesting, as I _______________ .
As he's rich and famous, _______________.
As he's rich and famous, _______________.
_______________ because I'm always cold.
When she ______ younger, she believed in fairy tales.
Let's go back to Chez Nous because _______________ .
As genes change over time, _______________ .
When _______________ , everyone laughed.
After being apart for years, he ___ feelings for her.
When she ______ younger, she believed in fairy tales.
Let's go back to Chez Nous because _______________ .
As genes change over time, _______________ .
When _______________ , everyone laughed.
After being apart for years, he ___ feelings for her.
While (যেখানে) While (US) or whilst (UK) means 'during', 'when', or 'at the same time':
When he was working in the field, he helped with milking the cows,While working in the field, he helped with milking the cows,Take a nap while I'm out.While respected, he is not liked.While the book will be welcomed by scholars, it will make an immediate appeal to the general reader.While there's life there's hope.
Easy for an expert, while it is dangerous for a novice
Nothing much changed _______________.
A diversion to while away the long afternoons.
_______________while dinner time.
The period while _______________.
_______________while I was watching television.
It _______________ while we were on holiday.
My wife _______________ while I washed the car.Nothing much changed _______________.
A diversion to while away the long afternoons.
_______________while dinner time.
The period while _______________.
_______________while I was watching television.
It _______________ while we were on holiday.
I_______________ while you are at work.
While (he was) living in Paris, Bruno created his first perfumes.Icarus stepped into Polly's office while she was putting on her lipstick.[Icarus stepped into Polly's office at the moment when she was applying her lipstick.]Whilst I was walking peacefully down the street, a wild pigeon defecated on my shoulder.[When I was walking peacefully down the street, a wild pigeon defecated on my shoulder.]While I agree with the President on several issues, I wouldn't trust him for another 4 years.
I waited a while before _______________.
After a while, the baby fell asleep. After a few moments, _______________.
I felt very tired while _______________.
I felt very tired while _______________.
Whereas (Whereas links two ideas that contrast with each other. It is a conjunction. It is used to highlight an important difference between two similar things or facts.)
Whereas we did all the job, they enjoyed themselves.He is careful, whereas I take risks.Whereas you help him, he doesn't help anyone.Some people believe that schools are responsible for the behavior of their students. However, others argue that discipline is the responsibility of parents.Some people believe that schools are responsible for the behavior of their students, whereas others argue that discipline is the responsibility of parents.Hannah had been a kept woman with no problems since meeting Gio, whereas Katie had always struggled to find her path.Whereas, if the child is left to himself, he will think more and better, if less showily.
....................., whereas he expected them to remain submissively under the patriarchal institutions which their native rulers imposed on them.
....................., whereas under the republic Sardinia was one of the chief granaries of Rome.
The copper industry has greatly declined since the 18th century; whereas ....................., now one-tenth of that number can hardly be kept going.
But whereas the crystalline form of a chemical substance is stable and fixed, ......................
As if, As though, As like(যদিও)
As if, as though দ্বারা বর্তমানের একটি অবাস্তব পরিস্থিতি নির্দেশ করে।
হওয়া অসম্ভব কিছু বুঝাতে As if, As though এর পর past tense বসে।
হওয়ার সম্ভাবনা আছে বুঝাতেAs if, As though এর পর present tense বসে।
He looks as if he knew the answer.( সে জানে না কিন্তু সবজান্তার মতো ভাব ধরে রেখেছে। )
He looks as if he knows the answer.( আমরা তাঁর কাছে জিজ্ঞেস করি তিনি উত্তর জানতেও পারে। )
He looked as if he knew the answer. (তিনি জানেন, না কি জানেন না সেটা আমরা জানি না।)
He seems as if he hadn't slept for days.(পরিক্ষা নিরিক্ষা করে আন্দাজ করা গিয়েছে তিনি ঘুমান না।)
He seems as if he hasn't slept for days. ( অবস্থা দেখে বুঝা যাচ্ছে তিনি ঘুমান না।)
He seemed as if he hadn't slept for days.( মানুষ না ঘুমালে মানুষের অবস্থা যেমন হয়, তাঁকে তেমন দেখা যাচ্ছে।)
______________ as if he's having a good time
The floods were rising and it was as if it ____ the end of the world.
______________ as if they’ve had a shock.
______________ as though you’ve not met before.
She ______________ her lips as if to smile.
They _____________ shouting as though in panic.
She felt as if all her worries ______________ .
They felt as though ______________ .
I’ve ______________ as if I’ll have to stay at home this evening.
______________ as if they’ve had a shock.
______________ as though you’ve not met before.
She ______________ her lips as if to smile.
They _____________ shouting as though in panic.
She felt as if all her worries ______________ .
They felt as though ______________ .
I’ve ______________ as if I’ll have to stay at home this evening.
{In informal English, like can be used in a similar way to as if, though it is not always considered correct in formal contexts:
It felt like it could snow at any minute.}
Though, Although, Even though(স্বত্বেও/তাঁরপরও)
তারা subordination Conjunction, Subject এর অবস্থা এবং Subject এর কাজের ভিন্নতা প্রকাশ করতে এটা ব্যবহার করা হয়। এখানে প্রত্যেকটা Clause এর Tense একই হয়।Though I do not usually drink coffee, I have had 2 cups today.Although Jane was the most deserving candidate, she didn’t get the job.Although she is rich and famous, she is not happy.The soldiers fought bravely, and although they were badly wounded, they refused to surrender.
আবেগ অল্প করে বুঝাতে though ব্যবহার করা হয়।
Though Malta is a very small island, its history is long and rich.( এখানে কোন পক্ষপাতিত্ব নাই।)Malta, though small, has a long and rich history.Though she was poor she would never ask for help.Though difficult, the journey was not dangerous.Although it rained all day, we enjoyed the party very much.(অবস্থার প্রতিকুলে আবেগ)He failed in the exam, although he studied very hard.Although she ran very fast, she lost the race.They didn’t go to the party, although they were invited.The soldiers went on fighting even though they were badly injured.(প্রশংসা/ গীবত)
I really didn't like the movie even though ______________.
Although ______________, I chose not to go to the reunion.Although ______________, he was still unhappy.
Even though he's thoroughly trained, he still ______________.
______________ even though the part was small.
______________, there was very little left standing.
Although it was very long, ______________.
She returned the computer ______________.
______________ even though the part was small.
Adjective+ As= Though (যদিও)
Adjective এর সাথে as বসলে, সেটা though অর্থ প্রকাশ করে।
Poor as he is, he leads a happy life.
Busy as he was, he could attend the meeting.
Even if, Even though, Not even (এমন কি)
Nobody lands him money even if he is engender.Not even his brother believes him.
EVEN IF
Even if is used in a supposition or hypothesis.
It refers to an imaginary or unreal situation.
Even if Caroline earned a big salary, she would not buy a fast car.
(Supposing Caroline earned a big salary. She still wouldn't buy a fast car because she thinks they are too dangerous.)
Even if is used in a supposition or hypothesis.
It refers to an imaginary or unreal situation.
Even if Caroline earned a big salary, she would not buy a fast car.
(Supposing Caroline earned a big salary. She still wouldn't buy a fast car because she thinks they are too dangerous.)
Even if I had time and money, I still wouldn't go on a cruise.(Supposing I had time and money. I still wouldn't go on a cruise. I have other reasons for not going.)I wouldn't wear that dress even if I got it for free!(Imagine getting that dress for nothing. I still wouldn't wear it!)Even if Tom was offered a job in New York, he wouldn't accept it.(Supposing Tom was offered a job in New York. He wouldn’t accept it because he doesn't like big cities.)
Although/even though and despite/in spite of are used to combine or link two contrasting statements.
Although/even though are followed by a subject and a verb.
Even though is a slightly stronger form of 'although'.
Although and though have the same meaning and are interchangeable in most cases.
Although/even though it was raining, she walked to the station.Although/even though he had enough money, he refused to buy a new car.Although/even though Amy was wearing glasses, she couldn't read the notice.Although/even though he disapproved, he said nothing.Although/even though Jack had worked hard, he failed the exam.
Despite/in spite of are followed by a noun, a pronoun or a verb ending in -ing.
(The gerund, a verb ending in -ing, is the 'noun' form of a verb.)
N.B. Despite/in spite of have the same meaning, but despite is used without 'of'.
Despite/in spite of the rain he walked to the station.He noticed the rain but he walked to the station in spite of it.Despite being wet and tired, he walked to the station.He decided to go sailing despite/in spite of the bad weather conditions.
EVEN THOUGH
Even though is used to express a fact, something that is real or true. 'Even though' precedes a statement of fact.
It means 'despite/in spite of' the fact.
It is more emphatic or stronger than 'though' or 'although'.
Even though John is rich, he lives in a small house.
(John is rich, but despite having money he lives in a small house.)
Even though she likes animals, Mary doesn't want a dog.
(Mary likes animals, but in spite of that she doesn't want a dog.)
Even though the building was damaged, business went on as usual.
(The building was damaged, but despite that business went on as usual.)
Even though I washed it several times, I couldn't get rid of the stain.
(I couldn't get rid of the stain despite washing it several times.)
I’ll go even if you forbid me to.
The structure even though means exactly the same.
I’ll go even though you forbid me to.
Even now(Even now is used for saying that it is surprising that something still continues.)
Even then
This phrase is used for saying that something is surprising because it was supposed to be different.
Even as
Even so (Even so means in spite of that.)
Even goes in mid position with the verb. If there is no auxiliary verb, it goes before the main verb.
She even called me names.
(auxiliary/ to be verb +even +main verb)
I don’t even know his name.China is even larger than India.She is even taller than her husband.
Even now the practice of dowry exists in many parts of Asia.
Even then
This phrase is used for saying that something is surprising because it was supposed to be different.
Even as
This phrase is used to talk about two actions or events that are happening at the same time.
Even as they discussed the merits and demerits of the project, people were protesting in the streets.
Even so (Even so means in spite of that.)
This expression is used for introducing a statement that might seem surprising after what you have said before.
The tickets were expensive, but, even so, the match was worth watching.
IF and WHEN
When can replace if in zero conditionals:
If you heat water to 100 degrees Celsius, it boils.
When you heat water to 100 degrees Celsius, it boils.
In the other types of conditionals, we cannot use when instead of if.
EVEN IF
Even if emphasizes that something will happen, would happen or would have happened whatever the condition:
Even if we leave right now, we still won't catch the train.
I wouldn't go into the water even if I could swim.
Even if we had booked our flight earlier, it wouldn't have been cheaper.
ONLY IF
Only if makes the condition more restrictive:
Acetaminophen is dangerous to
children only if dosage is too high.
If the if-clause is first, the subject and the auxiliary in the main clause are inverted:
Only if you like classical music is it worth coming tonight.
SUPPOSE/SUPPOSING, WHAT IF
Suppose/supposing and what if can replace if, mainly in everyday
conversation, and are often used without a main clause:
Suppose/supposing you won the lottery, what would you do?
Suppose/supposing you can't find a job?
What if you are not accepted to university? What will you do then?
UNLESS
Unless is followed by an affirmative verb to express "if ...
not":
My leg's broken. I can't stand up unless you help me. (I can't stand up if you don't help me.)
IF IT WEREN'T FOR / IF IT HADN'T
BEEN FOR, BUT FOR
These expressions mean "without". They are used in second and
third conditionals and are usually followed by a noun phrase:
If it weren't for Miguel, we wouldn't know what to do now. (Without Miguel...)
If it hadn't been for your foolishness, we wouldn't have got lost. (If you hadn't been such a fool...)
But for your help, I would have been in big trouble. (Without your help... / If you hadn't helped me...)
IF IN DOUBT, IF POSSIBLE, IF
NECESSARY etc.
We can make the if-clause shorter by omitting the subject and the verb
be:
If (you are) in doubt, consult a dictionary.
In certain idiomatic expressions, the subject and be are normally
omitted:
If necessary, you can call Jake at home.
I'd like a seat by the window if possible.
IF SO, IF NOT
If so and if not can stand for an if-clause which is understood from the
context:
"According to the weather forecast, it might rain tomorrow." "If so, we'll go hiking another day."
I hope Peter gets here soon. If not, we'll have to start without him.
IN CASE and IF
An in case-clause gives a reason while an if-clause describes a
condition:
I'll buy a sandwich in case I get hungry. (I'll buy a sandwich because I may get hungry later.)
I'll buy a sandwich if I get hungry. (I'll buy a sandwich when I get hungry.)
We can use should after in case:
Take an umbrella in case it should rain.
As soon as (use as soon as to show that something happens immediately,)
I’ll call you as soon as I arrive.As soon as I have the information, I’ll tell you.
We use the present simple with as soon as when we speak about the future. We do not use will.
I’m going to have a shower as soon as Iwillget home.He will be back tomorrow; I’ll give him the message as soon as Iwillsee him.
As soon as we got out the car, it started raining.It started raining as soon as we got out the car.As soon as he wakes up, he checks his phone for messages.I'll go to the shops as soon as it stops raining.I'll go to the shops as soon as it has stopped / as soon as it stops raining.
We use the past simple with as soon as when we speak about the past.
We can also use the past perfect. The meaning is the same.
We can also use the past perfect. The meaning is the same.
They restarted the tennis match as soon as the rain stopped.
They restarted the tennis match as soon as the rain had stopped.
As soon as he received the telegram, ......................
As soon as ..................... he went out.
..................... , the passengers rushed to board it.
As soon as the mother saw her son when ......................
As soon as ....................., the students ran out of the class.
..................... , I fell asleep.
As soon as she said it when ......................
As soon as .....................when we rushed to the hospital.
As soon as I saw a snake when ......................
As soon as ..................... when he stopped the car.
No Sooner Had......... than+ past indefinite.
If the second event occurs immediately after the first action.No sooner had I arrived at the station than the train came. (= I came first and the train arrived right after me.)No sooner had we heard the noise than we rushed to the spot.No sooner had she finished one project than she started working on the next.No sooner had I closed my eyes than I fell asleep.
No sooner had the company launched its new product than it went bankrupt. (The company had no sooner launched its new product than it went bankrupt.)
No sooner did I arrive at the station than the train came.No sooner did we hear the noise than we rushed to the spot.
Notes:
When we begin a sentence with a negative word, we put the auxiliary verb before the subject.
No sooner had she read the letter than she started crying. (NOT No sooner she read the letter than she started crying.)
Note that when and before are not possible in this structure.
HARDLY/SCARCELY/BARELY ....... WHEN+past indefinite
It is possible to express the same idea using hardly/scarcely…when.
Hardly had I reached the station when/before the train came.Scarcely had I reached the station when the train arrived.
Hardly had I arrived home when my phone rang. (I had hardly arrived home when my phone rang.)Warning:
Scarcely had she finished reading when she fell asleep. (She had scarcely finished reading when she fell asleep.)
Barely had they won the match when the coach had a heart attack. (They had barely won the match when the coach had a heart attack.)
Hardly is not the adverb form of the adjective hard. The adverb form of hard is also hard.
IT'S (HIGH) TIME
IT'S (HIGH) TIME + PAST SUBJUNCTIVE expresses that something should be done and that it is already a bit late:
It's time you went to bed. You'll have to get up early tomorrow.
It's high time I bought a new pair of jeans.
It's about time this road was completed. They've been working on it for months.
When we say that the right time has arrived for something and still in time ,+infinitive to বাকী অংশ
It's time (for you) to go to bed.
It's time to say goodbye.
It's time for breakfast.
Wish/Fancy + (that) + past simple:
We can use 'wish' to talk about something that we would like to be different in the present or the future. It's used for things which are impossible or very unlikely.
*In formal writing, you will see 'were' instead of 'was' after wish. This is correct, but it's also fine to use 'was', in the same way as with the second conditional.I wish/fancy that I had a big house.I wish/fancy that we didn't need to work today.I wish/fancy that you lived close by.I wish/fancy that John wasn't busy tomorrow*
'I wish I were rich' or 'I wish I was rich'.
Expect is used to show something that is desired and is considered probable or certain.
I expect to do my homework before dinner. I expect you to do your homework.
I *expected you to do your homework. (Your homework was not done.)
*NOTE: Expect cannot be used to speak about yourself in the past.
Want is used in common speech.
I want to do my homework. I want you to do your homework.
I wanted to do my homework. I wanted you to do your homework.
Would like is used in polite and formal speech.
Present / Future: I would like to do my homework. I would like you to do your homework.
Past: I would have liked to do my homework. I would have liked you to do your homework. (Your homework was not done.)
After want and would like, we do not normally use that.
Don’t say: “I would like that you help me.” “I want that you help me.”
Do say: “I would like you to help me. I want you to help me.”
After want / would like, we use a (noun/pronoun) + to + verb.
We can say “I wouldn’t”, but not “I’d not.”
I’d, he’d, she’d, you’d, it’d, we’d, they’d.
We can even contract when the noun ends in a consonant sound. We do this by adding a little schwa sound. The schwa sound is generally written like this in phonetic symbols; ə. The schwa sounds like “uh”, as the vowel sound in “the.”
Example: America’d, Hunter’d, Scott’d. (Please note: This is not used in formal writing.)
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